Direct And Indirect Speech

Speech is also known as narration.

They are ---

            1) Direct narration

                             &

            2) Indirect narration.

Narration & their types --------

1) Assertive Sentence.

2) Imperative  Sentence.

3) Interrogative Sentence.

4) Exclamatory Sentence.

5) Sentences of " Let's "

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Following Changes take place, while transforming DIRECT narration into INDIRECT narration.

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Changes in Pronouns:-

DIRECT.                      INDIRECT

    I                                  he/she

    You                           he/she/they

    Your                         his/her/their

    You (object)            him/her/them

    We                            they/our/their

    Me                             him/her

    My                              his/her

    Us                               them

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 changes in tense 

DIRECT                       INDIRECT

1) Simple present tense = Simple 

                                               Past tense

2) present continuous =    past 

                                             continuous

3) Present perfect = Past Perfect

                                              

4) Simple Past     =Past   perfect                                                         

5)Past Continuous  =Past perfect Continuous                                                                                                                                                              

6) Present perfect Continuous =

     Past Perfect Continuous

7)Past Perfect tense =Remains        .      Unchanged

8)Past Perfect Continuous =                                         Remains unchanged

9)Shall/Will = Should/Would

10)Can/May= Could/Might

11)Must/Should/Would=  Remains                                             Unchanged

12)Do = Did 

13) Did =Had

14) let's= They would

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   Changes in Adverbs:-

DIRECT                        INDIRECT

This.                      = That

These                    = Those

Today                    = That day

Tonight                 = That night

Yesterday              = The day before

Tomorrow               = The next day

Ago                                =Before

Here                             = There

Now                              = Then

Just                              = Then

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Assertive sentence's Indirect :-

RULES : 

1) Remove Inverted  and Comma.   

2 write  'told ' instead of ' Said to'

3) Join two sentences with  'that'

4)Do proper changes in pronouns and verbs according to the chart ; provided above.

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Examples :

1)He said,"I want my pen ".

He said that he wanted his pen.

2)He said to Maya,"You have a new bicycle."

He told Maya that she had s new bicycle.

3)He says, "I am sorry."

    He says that he is sorry.

4)He will say,"I like the picture ."

    He will say that he likes the                picture.

5)I said,"I am ready.'

    I said that I was ready.

6)I said, "Ram, I am going there ".

    I told Ram that I was going there.

7)The teacher said, "The earth is 

    round." (Universal truth                 sentence  verb  remains                   Unchanged)

    - The teacher said that the earth 

       is round.

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Imperative sentences------

Sentence begins with verb is called Imperative.

Rules------

1) Remove 'said', 'said to'

2) use verbs like , requested, told,exclaimed ,asked,commanded, suggested, advised, in place of  'said' or 'said to'

3) To join two sentences use  'to', or 'not to'

4) Do necessary changes in Pronouns.

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Examples------

1)I told the driver ,"Stop."

 --- I asked /told  the driver to stop.

2)"Close the window"said she.

---She asked to close the window.

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Interrogative Sentences :-

It has two types .

1) 'Wh' Questions

2)'Verbal ' Questions

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Rules for Wh Questions----

Said to + Wh+(s+v+o)

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asked

1) Use ' asked ' instead of ' said to'

2) For joining 2 sentences use' 'Wh' word that comes in the sentence.

3) make Assertive from Interrogative.

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Examples-----

1)She said to him,  "Where are you going ?"

 ---She asked him Where he was going.

 2) "What is the matter?" asked the doctor.

---She doctor asked the man what the matter was.

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Verbal Questions:

1)use 'asked ' instead of 'said to '

2) use 'Whether' Or 'if' to join two sentences.

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Examples------

1) "Do you think we cannot kill you?"They said.

--They asked whether she thought they couldn't kill her.

2) He said, "Do you want anything ?"

---She asked if he wanted anything.

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           Exclamatory sentences

Rules------

1)Change said/said to into exclaimed.

2) Use, 'that' to join two sentences 

3) Change  the words like 'what' , / 'how' into  'very'

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Examples:

1)He reflected, " how lucky I am !"

---She reflected that he was very lucky.

2)"What a stroke?" he exclaimed.

---She exclaimed that it was an excellent stroke.

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Let's ------

1) Said,/ said to = Suggested

2) let us =They should.

Examples----

1) He said to his friends, " let us go out for walk."

---She suggested to his friends that they should go out for walk.

2)" let us call Birbal ",he said.

He suggested that they should call Birbal.

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